The residence of the Rutkowski family in Bronowice
During the Małopolska Days of Cultural Heritage there was an opportunity to visit the residence of the Rutkowski family in Bronowice, at present the headquarters of the Department of Phytochemistry of the Institute of Pharmacology.
Autor: Joanna Nowostawska-Gyalókay (Małopolski Instytut Kultury w Krakowie)
Dworek Rutkowskich, fot. J. Nowostawska-Gyalókay, MIK 2017, CC BY-SA 3.0
Formerly near Krakow, and now Krakow, Bronowice is undoubtedly associated
with Stanisław Wyspiański's Wedding, and therefore with charming manor houses:
Tetmajerówka and Rydlówka. Only a few people know that there are more equally
charming manor houses here. During the Heritage Days, we encourage you to
visit the Rutkowski Manor House - normally closed to visitors. It was designed by
Józef Gałęzowski, one of the leading, although forgotten, architects of the
interwar period. We also suggest a walk to the nearby - no less charming - Fischer-Benis
palace.
Pałacyk Fischerów-Benisów, fot. J. Nowostawska-Gyalókay, MIK 2017, CC BY-SA 3.0
Residence style.
The idea of a Polish house referred to the tradition of a noble residence. It was popularized at
the international architectural exhibition in Rome in 1911 by Romuald Gutt and
Józef Czajkowski. It was widely used throughout almost the entire
interwar period. However, a special demand for new architectural designs began to appear
along with the need to rebuild villages and towns destroyed after the passing
of the front. Regaining independence made people more willing to use native, historical,
pre-partition forms - those born from nostalgia for the nobility and even
mythical Sarmatian tradition. And even today, a manor-style house does not lose
its popularity, although unfortunately it most often lacks aesthetic values.
One of the architects developing the program for the reconstruction of Polish
lands (during World War I) is Józef Gałęzowski (1877-1963). Until 1910, he was a
professor at the Academy of Fine Arts in Warsaw, and from 1911, almost until
his death, at the Academy of Fine Arts in Krakow. Together with Adolf
Szyszko-Bohusz, in 1923 they began to create the department of architecture at
the university, which operated independently in the years 1924-1927. Gałęzowski
is the author of the important work Reconstruction of a Polish town published
in 1916. He created many houses in the "manor" style, but he also used
functionalist forms. His works include, for example, the Balneological
Institute at Focha 33 Street, seat of the Higher School of Commerce at
Sienkiewicza 5 Street, an unrealized project of the State Agricultural Bank at
the corner of Dunajewskiego and Basztowa Streets (all buildings for Krakow),
Marian Żebrowski's guesthouse in Bukowina or the no longer existing Grand Hotel
cafe at Senatorska 29 Street in Warsaw. In the same trend, he has, among others, a manor house in
Bronowice near Krakow, designed in 1926. It was most likely built as a summer
residence for a friend, Maksymilian Rutkowski. Many of Józef Gałęzowski's
designs can be found in the collections of the National Museum in Krakow. His works are also kept
by the Wrocław Museum of Architecture.
A residence for a surgeon
Maksymilian Rutkowski (1867-1947) was born into a noble family with strong
insurgent traditions. His father was imprisoned in the Kufstein fortress
for participating in the Hungarian uprising in 1848. In turn, Rutkowski's
uncle died in the heroic defense of the residence in Glanów during the uprising
in 1863. He was extradited to the Russians by the Austrians and exiled as a
punishment to the Caucasus. He returned to the country, already a retired
soldier, and bought an estate in Wielka Wieś near Olkusz. From his relationship
with Kazimiera née Leńczowska, a son was born there - Maksymilian, also from
his father. Did Maximilian refer to the noble family tradition when building
the residence? Possible. He accomplished it at a mature age. He purchased the plot from the Harajewicz
family, who, in turn, purchased the plot for the construction of the villa from
the Fischer family - the same one from the palace. There was also an
exchange of land between friend and neighbor Edward Łepkowski and the
professor. Later, he commissioned the construction of the villa and the interior
design (including furniture design) by Gałęzowski. Unfortunately, it was
not possible to find furniture designs for Rutkowski, but for comparison it is
worth taking a look at furniture for other interiors. Thanks to the memories of
Edward Łepkowski, we know that the construction was really expensive. Rutkowski was even
forced to sell his forests in Szumin near Brzesko, where he so eagerly hunted
with his friends. Wielki Max Maksymilian Rutkowski graduated from the Faculty
of Medicine of the Jagiellonian University and initially worked in the surgical
ward of St. John's Hospital. Łazarz, and later at the Surgical Clinic of the
Jagiellonian University. From 1904, he also ran a private clinic at the
corner of Siemiradzki Street and Łobzowska Street. There he supervised,
among others, dying Stanisław Wyspiański. Rutkowski was a widely respected doctor and a
liked man. He performed many masterful surgeries. These include, for example, the world's
first cystoplasty (performed on May 12, 1898) using a loop of the small
intestine. He laid the foundations for the development of orthopedics, oncology, urology,
neurosurgery and surgical treatment of tuberculosis. He obtained the title
of full professor of surgery at the Jagiellonian University in 1918, and
extraordinary professor in 1920. At the Faculty of Medicine of the Jagiellonian
University he is still remembered as Big Max, which refers both to his
achievements and his stature and large hands.
Willa chirurga, prof. Maksymiliana Rutkowskiego, w Bronowicach Wielkich, plan sytuacyjny ogrodu z obrysem willi, 1926. Fot. K Kowalik, ze zbiorów Muzeum Narodowego w Krakowie ©
"Rutkowski Group"
When World War I began, Rutkowski and a team of trusted nurses and doctors
went to the front to help the wounded and dying. The group moved from
Congress Poland to the Carpathians. Coming closer and closer to the front line
and extraordinary results in treating the wounded made this team of specialists
famous. They were commonly called "Rutkowski's group". It included many
outstanding figures, including: Jan Glacel, Maria Epstein, Mary Cardezza, Zygmunt
Drobniewicz. In 1916, the group returned to Krakow.
Surgical group of prof. Rutkowski: Pikulski, Górka, Maksymilian Rutkowski, Mary Cardezza, Glinojecka, Zygmunt Drobniewicz, Michalski, na stole por. Sobolewski, rękopis Jana Fiszera Pamiętnik Wielkiej Wojny, 1914. Ze zbiorów Polskiej Akademii Umiejętności PAUart, domena publiczna
Lady in the residence
In 1934, at the age of 67, Rutkowski married Ada from Sarns. She was a doctor and
midwife, an activist of the Polish Socialist Party and the Women's League at
the Supreme National Committee, the widow of Zygmunt Marek, councilor of Krakow
and deputy speaker of the Sejm in the Second Polish Republic. She completed her
studies in Zurich with the dissertation Beitrag zur Casuistik des
Gallensteinileus, published in 1909. During World War I she worked as a
military surgeon in Opava and Kraków. Later, she became the head and professor
of the School of Midwives and the gynecological and obstetrics department of
St. John's Hospital in Krakow. Lazarus. It seems that not all of Rutkowski's
friends liked her decisive character. This is how Edward Łepkowski remembers it:
As our closest neighbors and friends, we often visited Professor Rutkowski's
house, where we were always warmly welcomed. Everything changed when he got married. The old hospitality
disappeared and there was some embarrassment about the savings introduced by
the professor. […] Professor Rutkowski also asked me to arrange his collections. He had a lot of very
good paintings and valuable furniture, but also gifts from grateful patients,
sometimes in terrible taste. I sorted it all out, put the rubbish into the
storage room, and everyone thought the house was beautifully decorated. A few years later, the
professor found the storeroom, admired the treasures found there, and all the
napkins, figurines and screens were placed in their places of honor and
everything changed. Could Łepkowski be jealous of his playmate?
Villa Chair Today
After the war, the Medicinal Plants Research Station of the Polish Academy
of Sciences was established in the residence, which was then transformed into
the Medicinal Plants Research Branch of the Institute of Pharmacology of the
Polish Academy of Sciences, and from 1974 into the Institute of Pharmacology of
the Polish Academy of Sciences. Today, the residence houses the Phytochemistry
Department, where the properties of substances found in plants are examined.
Text written on the basis of:
- Dzieje Krakowa. Kraków w latach 1918–1939, t. 4, red. J. Bieniarzówna, J. M. Małecki, Kraków 1997.
- „Przegląd Lekarski”, r. IV, seria II, Kraków 1948.
- http://www.ipsb.nina.gov.pl/a/biografia/ada-maria-jadwiga-markowa
- Wspomnienia Edwarda Łepkowskiego, rękopis ze zbiorów prywatnych.